1 Gigabit(Gb)
1,000,000,000 b
Core 1 General

1 Gigabyte (GB)
1,000,000,000 B
Core 1 General

1 Kilobit (Kb)
1,000 b
Core 1 General

1 Kilobyte (1 KB)
1,000 B
Core 1 General

1 Megabit (Mb)
1,000,000 b
Core 1 General

1 Megabyte (1 MB)
1,000,000 B
Core 1 General

1 Terabit (1 Tb)
1,000,000,000,000 b
Core 1 General

1 Terabyte (TB)
1,000,000,000,000 B
Core 1 General

"1..8 "" SSD"
SSD used inside of small laptops.
3.0 Hardware

10,000 RPM Model
Hard Drive Model that costs more than the 7200 RPM models but gives increased performance
3.0 Hardware

100 meters
Maximum distance for Ethernet cables
2.0 Networking

15,000 RPM Model
One of the fastest RPMs used in hard drives
3.0 Hardware

16-bit color palette
32,768 color variations
Core 1 General

2.4 GHz Frequency Band
A lower frequency band ideal for longer range connections. Prone to interference from devices operating at the same frequency like microwaves, Bluetooth, and cordless phones. Can support up to 14 channels. 1, 6, and 11 are most commonly used to avoid overlap. Each channel is 22 MHz wide.
1.0 Mobile Devices

"2.5"" SSD"
Used when replacing an HDD inside a laptop or a small desktop.
3.0 Hardware

24-bit color palette (True color display)
16,777,216 color variations
3.0 Hardware

3. Power device to use the data and power coming from the Ethernet cable
PoE requirements
2.0 Networking

32-bit (x86)
4 billion address locations (4GB of data)
Core 1 General

32-bit color palette (Deep color display)
1 billion color variations
3.0 Hardware

3D printed materials
Plastic, resin, rubber, carbon fiber, metal alloy, cement
2.0 Networking

3D Printer
Type of printer that creates objects in three dimensions, meaning there is height, width, and depth to the finished printout.
3.0 Hardware

4G Long-term Evolution (4G LTE)
4G operating at 100 Mbps
Core 1 General

4G LTE Advanced (LTE-A)
4G operating at 1 Gbps
Core 1 General

5 GHz Frequency Band
Covers a frequency range of 5.725 to 5.875 GHz though specific ranges may vary by region. Provides up to 24 non-overlapping channels at a standard width of 20 MHz. Supports channel bonding. Has a shorter range than the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
Core 1 General

5400 RPM Model
Slowest model of hard drives
3.0 Hardware

6 GHz Frequency Band
Spans frequencies from 5.925 to 7.125 GHz and introduces up to 59 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels
Core 1 General

64-bit (x64)
184 quintillion address locations (16EB of data)
Core 1 General

7200 RPM Model
Hard Drive Model that provides faster performance without exceptionally high cost
3.0 Hardware

8-bit color palette
256 color variations
Core 1 General

802.11 standards
Wi-Fi standards
2.0 Networking

802.11a
Introduced in the late 1990s and it operated in the 5 GHz spectrum at speeds of up to 54 Mbps. Mostly used by businesses, too expensive for home users.
2.0 Networking

802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5 / Wireless AC)
Operating exclusively in the 5 GHz spectrum, can achieve a theoretical speed of up to 6.9 Gbps. Uses Multi-User MIMO. Suitable for gaming, streaming, and other data-intensive tasks.
2.0 Networking

802.11ax (Wireless AX or Wi-Fi 6)
The latest evolution in wireless networks, supports 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands. Use MU-MIMO and OFDMA to maximize efficiency and can achieve speeds of up to 9.6 Gbps. Ideal in offices, stadiums, and apartment complexes.
2.0 Networking

802.11b
Operated in the 2.4 GHz spectrum. Much cheaper to produce and could only operate at 11 Mbps max.
2.0 Networking

802.11g
Operated in the 2.4 GHz spectrum but increased speeds to 54 Mbps and was backwards compatible with 802.11b devices.
2.0 Networking

802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
This wireless N standard operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrums and allows it to achieve speeds between 300 and 600 Mbps. Can support legacy devices on the 2.4 GHz band. Uses MIMO
2.0 Networking

802.1Q Protocol
Adds a 4-byte identifier to each ethernet frame to specify its VLAN membership as it traverses the network. Uses Tag Protocol Identifier and Tag Control Identifier.
2.0 Networking

802.3af
PoE standard that allows the least amount of power to be drawn (13W)
Core 1 General

802.3at (PoE+)
PoE standard powers devices to draw up to 25W
Core 1 General

802.3bt (PoE++)
Used to supply power up to 51W (Type 3) or 73W (Type 4).
Core 1 General

A pea-sized amount
How much thermal paste should you apply on your CPU?
3.0 Hardware

AAAA Records (Quad A Records)
Serve the same purpose as A records but link domain names to IPv6 addresses instead of IPv4 addresses
Core 1 General

About Tab
Contains information about the driver and the printer manufacturer
3.0 Hardware

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
Used for video graphics cards ● AGP 1x ● AGP 2x ● AGP 4x ● AGP 8x
2.0 Networking

Accelerometer
Combination device that uses hardware and software to measure the velocity, rotation, and shaking of a mobile device. Works with the X and Y axis.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Access Control Lists (ACLs)
Processed in a top-down order so that the first rule that matches a piece of traffic dictates the action taken for that traffic. Often fall short of addressing the most sophisticated types of attacks
Core 1 General

Accounting
Used to track and log all of the user's activity on the network. Can be used to enforce compliance or as a guide to improve optimization.
2.0 Networking

Acknowledge
Occurs when the DHCP server confirms the assignment and completes the lease agreement
2.0 Networking

Active Cooling
Uses a fan to cool down the heat from the device
3.0 Hardware

Actuator
Part of a hard disk drive that moves on top of the disk to read and write data. Similar to an old-school record player.
Core 1 General

Address bus
Electrical pathways used to specify a memory location.
3.0 Hardware

Address Pathway
To determine where the data is located
Core 1 General

Address Record (A Record)
Used to link a domain name to an IPv4 address for a given server
Core 1 General

Advance Technology eXtended (ATX)
"Full-size motherboard and measures 12"" x 9.6"" (304mm x 244mm)"
3.0 Hardware

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)
Allows to have hot-swappable capability with SATA devices
3.0 Hardware

Advanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Machine (ARM)
Used for low-power devices (tablets and cellphones). Have extended battery life, and produce less heat. Popular on smart devices and newer laptops.
Core 1 General

Advanced Tab
Users are able to set some very specific things about the printer
3.0 Hardware

Alternating Current (AC)
United States - 120 volts AC (VAC)
Core 1 General

Amperage to Wattage
A x V
Core 1 General

Android
Mobile device OS that offers an open-source code base instead of a closed-source or proprietary code base.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Anycast Address
Identifies a group of devices, delivering data to the nearest device based on routing metrics. Shares the unicast address pool and lack a distinct visual identifier. Useful for optimizing network traffic and implementing load balancing.
2.0 Networking

Apache
Most popular way to run a web server these days. Open source and can be used by Windows, Mac, Linux, and Unix.
Core 1 General

App Store
An iOS application for accessing, purchasing, and downloading applications
Core 1 General

Apple Business Manager (ABM)
MAM suite that allows applications from a private repository to devices that are part of the corporate network
2.0 Networking

Application
Software designed to perform a task for a user.
Core 1 General

Application Layer
Fourth Layer of the TCP/IP Model that contains all the protocols that perform higher-level functions such as email, file transfer capabilities, and more. Determines what to do with the data after being sent.
2.0 Networking

Application Streaming (Client-Based Application)
Client-based virtualization solution that allows an application to be packaged up and streamed directly to a user's PC.
Core 1 General

Application Virtualization
Encapsulates computer programs from the underlying OS on which they are executed
Core 1 General

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
Most commonly used type of DSL and it provides different speeds for downloading and uploading data.
Core 1 General

Audio Header Port
on the bottom left corner containing room for 10-pins but only containing 9-pins
2.0 Networking

Audit Log
A record of all the jobs that have been sent and printed out through a particular device
Core 1 General

Authentication
Focuses on verifying the identity of a user or device that is attempting to access the network
2.0 Networking

Authentication Authorization Accounting (AAA) Servers
Provide a centralized way to manage who can access the network, what they are allowed to do, and what they have done. Relies on RADIUS and TACACS+
2.0 Networking

Authentication Failures
Occur when a user, device, or application cannot verify its identity to access network resources
2.0 Networking

Authenticator
Application that serves as a possession factor inside of a mobile device
1.0 Mobile Devices

Authorization
All about defining the permissions that are allowed and enforcing policies against the user and their actions. Can also limit access based on different factors.
Core 1 General

Automatic Document Feeder (ADF)
Allows you to scan multiple papers at a fast rate through feeding paper into scanner quickly.
Core 1 General

Automatic Private IP Addresses (APIPA)
Special range of IP addresses that spans from 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255. This IP address is automatically configured when it cannot obtain an IP address from a DHCP server. Happens when router or DHCP is down and you will not connect to the internet.
2.0 Networking

Automobile Synchronization
linking mobile devices to car navigation or entertainment systems
1.0 Mobile Devices

Bad Block
If computer is unable to read a SSD, you likely have a,
3.0 Hardware

Bad Sector
If the Computer is unable to read the HDD, you likely have a,
3.0 Hardware

Balanced Mode
Normal setting on most computers by default for cooling.
Core 1 General

Bandwidth
Measure the theoretical maximum amount of data that a cable can handle
2.0 Networking

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
Stored as firmware of your motherboard inside of your system, and contains the settings configurations for your PC. The older version that supports 32-bit processors and motherboards. The computer's microprocessor uses this to conduct the POST and to start and boot after being turned on.
3.0 Hardware

Bayonet Neill-Concelman Connector / British Naval Connector (BNC)
Coaxial Connector that used to be used heavily in networking back in the early days of computer networks. Found in the U.S Department of Defense. Able to connect simply by pushing the connector in and then twisting it about half a turn to lock it in place.
2.0 Networking

BD (Blu-ray Disc)
Optical disc that stores 25 gigabytes of data or 50 gigabytes on a dual layer version.
Core 1 General

Bed weld
Can be applied to the build surface to help the material adhere during printing and release cleanly when finished
Core 1 General

Behavior Factor
Refers to something you do
Core 1 General

Bi-directional Printing
ink is applied in both directions- left to right and right to left- which speeds up the printing process since the printhead is able to print as it returns back to the left side of the page
Core 1 General

Biometric Sensor
Allows users to record a template of a feature of their body that is unique to them
Core 1 General

Bit
refers to a binary digit of 1 or 0
Core 1 General

Black stripes
Typically result from a dirty or damaged primary charge roller or a malfunctioning high-voltage power supply. Inspect the corona wire or replace the drum and toner cartridge
3.0 Hardware

Blackholing/Sinkholing
Identifies any attacking IP addresses and routes their traffic to a non-existent server through a null interface
2.0 Networking

Blank Page
Can be result of a software issue where the computer mistakenly sends a blank page to the printer. Remove tap from ink cartridges and ensure proper installation.
3.0 Hardware

Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)
Microsoft status screen that indicates an error from which the system cannot recover (also called a stop error). Blue screens are usually caused by bad driver software or hardware faults (memory or disk).
3.0 Hardware

BlueBorne
Exploit vulnerabilities in the Bluetooth protocol itself to allow attackers to take control of devices without needing to pair with them
1.0 Mobile Devices

Bluejacking
Occurs when attackers send unsolicited messages to Bluetooth-enabled devices
1.0 Mobile Devices

Bluesnarfing
Involves attackers gaining unauthorized access to a device via its Bluetooth connection to steal data
1.0 Mobile Devices

Bluetooth
Enables seamless communication between devices such as smartphones, laptops, and peripherals like headphones, keyboards, and fitness trackers. Operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Bonjour
Apple's version of APIPA
Core 1 General

Boot issues
When your computer cannot find a boot device, a boot error occurs because there is no operating system to use. Go to UEFI/BIOS and check the boot order and check if storage devices are connected in UEFI/BIOS.
3.0 Hardware

Boot loaders
Find and loads operating system.
Core 1 General

Boot order
Determines the sequence in which the system checks devices for an operating system. Found in BIOS/UEFI.
3.0 Hardware

Boot Sector
First area on the storage device read by the UEFI or BIOS during system boot.
3.0 Hardware

Broadcast Addresses
Last in an IP range and send data to all devices on a network. Essential for tasks like sending announcements or discovering services on a network
2.0 Networking

Broken or faulty capacitor
When it bursts it leaks chemicals producing a foul smell. Or it may appear bulging or swelling, instead of cylindrical like how it's supposed to. Shut down your computer immediately when this happens.
Core 1 General

Buffer Size
An internal buffer or cache on the hard disk drive that allows the drive to cache a lot of data
Core 1 General

Buffered/Registered Memory
Additional hardware ( register ) between memory and CPU. The system requires buffering or registering the data to reduce the electrical load
3.0 Hardware

Build Surface
Holds the object in position during the printing process
Core 1 General

Burn-in
Occurs when the same static picture is displayed on a screen for a long time. Display needs to replaced.
3.0 Hardware

byte
contains eight bits
Core 1 General

Cable certifier
Takes cable testing further by determining a cable's category, its throughput, and its length
2.0 Networking

Cable Connections
Created using cable modems to provide Internet connectivity by leveraging the existing cable TV infrastructure to homes and offices
2.0 Networking

Cable Crimpers
Used to attach connectors to the end of the cable
2.0 Networking

Cable Modem
Device that translates coaxial cable signals into radio frequency waves
2.0 Networking

Cable Strippers
Once the cable has been cut with the snips or cutters, a cable stripper is used to remove the outer jacket to expose its inner wires
2.0 Networking

Cable Tester
After cutting, stripping, and attaching a connector to a cable, the cable need to be tested
2.0 Networking

Cache
Highest speed of memory in a PC.
3.0 Hardware

Calendar Information
Any record with fields for appointments or tasks with their corresponding subject, date, location, and attendees
Core 1 General

Calibration
Involves adjusting the printer to the optimal print density and color balance in a laser printer realigning the print head in an inkjet printer for consistent results
3.0 Hardware

Canonical Name Records (CNAME Records)
Used to map one domain to another. They can only point to other domain names or subdomains, not IPv4.
Core 1 General

Capacitive
Category of mobile device display which detects changes in electrostatic field, and support single touch.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Capacitor
Regulates electricity to chips in a system
Core 1 General

Carriage Belt
Moves the printhead back and forth across the page as the ink is applied
Core 1 General

Case fan power
4-pin connectors labeled sys_fan or pump_fan
3.0 Hardware

Cat 5 (Fast Ethernet) Cable
Standard: 100BASE-TX
2.0 Networking

CAT 5e (Gigabit Ethernet) Cable
Standard: 1000BASE-T
2.0 Networking

Cat 6 Cable
Standard: 1000BASE-T / 10GBASE-T
2.0 Networking

Cat 6a Cable
Standard: 10GBASE-T
2.0 Networking

Cat 7 Cable
Standard: 10GBASE-T
2.0 Networking

Cat 8
Standard: 40GBASE-T
Core 1 General

CD (Compact Disc)
Oldest form of optical drive. Can store 74 to 80 minutes of music or 650 to 700 megabytes. Uses infrared (long wavelengths) to read data.
Core 1 General

Cellular
Network that allows to connect to the Internet using cellular radio inside the handset and connect to a network service provider
1.0 Mobile Devices

Cellular-based fixed wireless network
Utilize stationary cellular hotspots equipped with larger antennas and powered by a standard power outlet
2.0 Networking

Centralized Print Servers
allow administrators to configure, troubleshoot, and control printers remotely
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Certificate Issues
Common in environments using certificate-based authentication, such as WPA2 Enterprise for Wi-Fi
2.0 Networking

Channel Bonding
Enables the creation of wider channels, such as 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or even 160 MHz, by merging adjacent channels to increase throughput dramatically. Less non-overlapping channels which could increase risk of interference.
Core 1 General

Charging
2nd step in electrophotographic printing. The power supply sends negative ions on the corona wire to the imaging drum.
3.0 Hardware

Chemical safety
Read Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) when working with hazardous substances
Core 1 General

CIDR Notation
"Specifies the subnet mask with a slash (""/"") and the number of network bits"
2.0 Networking

Class A IP Address
1st Octet Value: 1-127
2.0 Networking

Class A Private IP Address
Starting value: 10
2.0 Networking

Class B IP Address
1st Octet Value: 128-191
2.0 Networking

Class B Private IP Address
Starting Value: 172.16 - 172.31
2.0 Networking

Class C IP Address
1st Octet Value: 192-223
2.0 Networking

Class C Private IP Addresses
Starting Value: 192.168
2.0 Networking

Class D IP Address
1st Octet Value: 224-239
2.0 Networking

Class E IP Address
1st Octet Value: 240-255
2.0 Networking

Classful Addressing
Divides IPv4 addresses into five groups, Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E. Has rigid boundaries causing wasted IP space. Classful addressing prevented reallocation of unused addresses.
Core 1 General

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
Replaced the fixed IP class system with a more flexible approach to subnetting and address allocation. Allows network administrators to customize the subnet mask instead of using the default mask for a class.
2.0 Networking

Cleaning
The final step in electrophotographic printing. Any remaining toner particles on the drum are cleaned off using a cleaning blade or brush and deposits them into a waste toner container. Drum roller is then charged back to its original state to be ready for its next job.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Client to Site
VPN configuration that focuses on connecting a single remote user to a corporate network
2.0 Networking

Clientless
VPN configuration usually used with web browsing. Creates a secure remote-access VPN tunnel using a web-browser without requiring a software or hardware client. Used through HTTPS with webpages or done using an SSL or TLS tunnel.
2.0 Networking

Clock cycle
One pulse of the system clock used to coordinate processor work.
3.0 Hardware

Clock speed
The number of clock cycles a processor completes each second.
3.0 Hardware

Closed Loop System
Very simple systems for liquid cooling that cool a single component
Core 1 General

Closed-source
A proprietary, licensed under the copyright holder's exclusive rights, such as Apple, and shared under specific terms and conditions. The licensee is restricted form modifying, sharing, studying, redistributing, or reverse engineering the code.
Core 1 General

Cloud Availability
Refers to the ability to access data and applications whenever needed. Uses redundancy and geographic distribution.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Cloud Computing
the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
2.0 Networking

Cloud Storage Application
Amount of space on a cloud-based server as file storage
3.0 Hardware

Cloud synchronization
Provides the access to the cloud from all devices and becomes the central repository of all data
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

CMOS battery (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
circular and silver and labeled BAT-1 on the motherboard. It is used to retain BIOS settings. Lasts about 3 years.
3.0 Hardware

Coarse Positioning
Oldest method of positioning using mobile phones. Roughly guesses your location through triangulation from your device to three or more cellular towers
1.0 Mobile Devices

Coaxial Cable (Coax)
One of the oldest categories of copper media that is still used in networking today. Have an inner insulated conductor, or center wire that's going to pass data over it known as the center core. Has a braided metal shield over the insulation to shield the center core from any data transmission leakage, coming from inside to outward, and provide protection from the outside-in. Has a plastic jacket for additional protection.
2.0 Networking

Color Bit
Actual amount of colors that can be displayed on a given monitor.
3.0 Hardware

Color Gamut
Range of colors a display can produce including :
3.0 Hardware

Color Management Tab
Allows user to do some color correction settings for the printer
3.0 Hardware

Color Profile
A color management tool that is used to define the range of colors within a color model that is represented within the profile.
Core 1 General

Color thermal printers
Use thermal ribbons with color layers (CMYK) to create the colors on a given printout
3.0 Hardware

Colors missing from printout
Could be due to an empty or clogged ink or toner cartridge
Core 1 General

Comma Separated Value (CSV)
A common file format for transferring lists like addresses, contacts, or system information
Core 1 General

Common Projector Issues
Dim Images, No Images, Shutdown or Restart
Core 1 General

Community Cloud
Resources and costs are shared among several different organizations that all have a common service need. Each organization may have their own security controls, which should be mitigated. If a network is connected to another network, it inherits the security risks of the connected network.
2.0 Networking

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
A battery-powered memory chip. Uses non-volatile memory to store the BIOS/UEFI settings and proper time zone. Most common form factor is the CR2032.
3.0 Hardware

Computer Synchronization
Synchronizes directly to the desktop or laptop using a USB or Bluetooth connection
1.0 Mobile Devices

Configuration mismatches
Incorrect domain, server address, or port settings
2.0 Networking

Contact
Record inside of an address book that contains fields of names, addresses, emails, phone numbers, notes, etc.
Core 1 General

Containerization
A type of virtualization applied by a host operating system to provision an isolated execution environment for an application.
Core 1 General

Content Delivery Network (CDN)
Network of servers that locates the nearest server to minimize delay or download time
2.0 Networking

Cool Mode
Able to run the fans harder and faster to create more air flow
Core 1 General

Cooling Issues
Computer constantly overheats or has trouble cooling itself down
Core 1 General

Core
An individual processing unit within a CPU.
3.0 Hardware

CPU Architecture
Register, Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), Cache
3.0 Hardware

CPU Power
Found on the upper left corner of the motherboard 8-pin connector. Can also be a 4 or 6-pin connector on older motherboards.
3.0 Hardware

Crash Screens
Display an error when the operating system has an issue
3.0 Hardware

Cross Pair
Occurs when both wires of one colored pair are connected to the pins of a different colored pair on the opposite end in a twisted pair cable
2.0 Networking

Cross-Platform Virtualization
Allows for the testing and running of software applications for different operating systems
Core 1 General

Crossover Cables
Uses T568A on one end of the cable and T568B on the other end of the cable
2.0 Networking

Daisy chain
Use USB hubs to connect up to, theoretically, 127 devices.
3.0 Hardware

Data bus
Electrical pathways that transfer data between components.
Core 1 General

Data Communication Equipment (DCE)
Refers to devices that provide the necessary signaling and control to establish, maintain, and terminate a communications link
Core 1 General

Data Exfiltration
Sending data in the background without the user seeing it. Uses your network's bandwidth
2.0 Networking

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
Detects when data is being taken from a device, ensuring it's only being used in the proper way
Core 1 General

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
Defines how data transmits over cable TV networks, ensuring compatibility across cable modems and ISPs.
2.0 Networking

Data Pathway
To send and receive information
Core 1 General

Data Remanence
Refers to when remnants of data can be recovered, even after safely erasing/wiping them. To mitigate this, encrypt virtual machine storage and destroy the encryption key.
3.0 Hardware

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
Refers to devices that act as a source or destination of data inside of a communication network
2.0 Networking

Data Warehousing and Analytics
Database servers are crucial for this area since data from multiple sources must be consolidated to support better decision-making.
Core 1 General

Database Server
A specialized system designed to store, organize, and retrieve data efficiently.
Core 1 General

Datagrams
Data packets that are sent to the recipient without waiting for an acknowledgment to occur
Core 1 General

Dead Pixels
Pixel or picture elements no longer lighting up. Impossible to fix.
Core 1 General

Dedicated Resources
Refer to resources that are reserved for a single customer. Used in financial institutions and healthcare organizations.
Core 1 General

Default Gateway
IP address of a device connecting the local network to external networks
2.0 Networking

Default VLAN/Native VLAN
Commonly designated as VLAN 0 or 1. Keeps fames untagged for legacy device compatibility.
2.0 Networking

Defragmentation
Tool in SMART used to put files back together and reduce read and write files. It reorganizes files and makes the drive orderly.
Core 1 General

Degraded Performance
Usually manifests itself as sluggish operations, slow app launches, or delayed touch responses. Causes are insufficient resources, outdated software, and aging hardware
3.0 Hardware

Denial of Service (DoS) Attack
Involves a continual flooding of victim systems with requests for services, causing the system to crash (single attacker).
Core 1 General

Developing
4th step in electrophotographic printing. The toner is applied to the drum by coating the developing roller inside the toner cartridge and bringing it into close proximity with the drum. Toner is attracted to the neutralized particles.
Core 1 General

Device driver
Software that lets an operating system communicate with hardware.
3.0 Hardware

Device Settings Tab
Users can configure installable options for the device
Core 1 General

Dial-up
Operates over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). Older system that relied on analog that has formed the backbone of global telecommunications for over a century. Operates at only 53.3 Kbps.
2.0 Networking

Digital cameras
Allow users to provide high quality, still images and video. Point and shoot models, DSLRs, and mirrorless cameras. Offer interchangeable lenses and larger sensors.
Core 1 General

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
Device that translates coaxial cable signals into phone lines
2.0 Networking

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Revolutionized Internet access by providing high-speed connectivity over the same telephone lines used for dial-up. Unlike dial-up, DSL uses higher frequencies to allow simultaneous internet use and phone calls. Comes in three different varieties.
Core 1 General

Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
designed to support both analog and digital display outputs (I). Introduced in the 90s. Can support only analog (A) or only digital (D) as well.
3.0 Hardware

Digitizer
Layer sandwiched between a layer of protective glass and the display panel inside of a touchscreen display. Converts the analog touch input to the digital software instructions that are used by the underlying applications and operating system.
1.0 Mobile Devices

DIM (Dual Inline Memory)
Memory module with a 184 or 240-pin connector
2.0 Networking

Dim Image
Occurs when there is no brightness or color contrast control set for displays.
Core 1 General

Direct Bury Cables
Cables designed to be installed underground without the need for additional conduit or other protective sheathing. Constructed with heavy duty waterproof materials and often use a gel-filled or layered jacket. More expensive than standard cables. Require a proper trenching and installation techniques. Grounding considerations and protection against potential physical damage are critical.
Core 1 General

Direct Current (DC) Voltages
3.3 volts DC (VDC) 5 VDC 12 VDC
Core 1 General

Direct Current Voltages
3.3 V, 5 V, & 12 V
Core 1 General

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Data transmission method where data is transmitted across the entire frequency rand using signal patterns known as chips. Susceptible to EMI and inefficient use of the spectrum. Older Wireless b standard used in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and used channels 1, 6, and 11 to avoid overlap.
2.0 Networking

Disabling the SSID Broadcast
Involves hiding the network name to make it less visible to casual users
2.0 Networking

Discover
Occurs whenever a device connects to a network. When the device connects, it will send out a broadcast message to locate the DHCP server.
2.0 Networking

Disk Cache
Pulls the files from the disc into memory and replaces the old file
3.0 Hardware

Display Attributes
Used to define the quality and performance of a given screen
3.0 Hardware

DisplayPort
Competitor of HDMI with an original top speed of 2.7 Gbps but can now go up to 20 Gbps.
Core 1 General

Distributed Control System (DCS)
Combining multiple ICSs into one system
Core 1 General

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack
Multiple machines simultaneously launch attacks on the server to force it offline.
Core 1 General

Docking station
Advanced type of port replicator that provides all the capabilities and features of a laptop. Can provide new features not on your laptop, as well as extra storage and ports.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Documentation
A written record of a problem, actions performed, and results.
Core 1 General

Domain Name System (DNS)
Operates on port 53 and translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.
2.0 Networking

Domain Name System (DNS) Server Address
Specifies the server that translates domain names into IP addresses
2.0 Networking

Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)
Builds on SPF and DKIM, enabling domain owners to set policies for handling failed email authentication. Instructs servers to reject, quarantine, or allow messages based on authentication.
Core 1 General

DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
Add a cryptographic signature to email headers to verify the message's integrity during transmission
Core 1 General

DORA (Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge)
A 4-step process to assign IP addresses to devices
2.0 Networking

Double Images / Echo Images / Ghosting
Condition in which the remnants of a previous printout appear on a new one. Usually happens when the drum fails to clean excess toner between print jobs.
Core 1 General

Down-Plugging
Putting larger card in a smaller slot
Core 1 General

Drawing Pads
Specialized touch-sensitive devices used by digital artists and graphic designers. Comes in standard models or advanced models with built-in screens.
Core 1 General

DTE to DCE
Data Terminal Equipment to Data Communications Equipment
Core 1 General

Dual Data Rate (DDR)
The most common type of memory used in most systems
3.0 Hardware

Dual-Channel
Requires two memory modules and two memory slots on the motherboard (128-bit data bus)
3.0 Hardware

Dual-Channel Memory
128-bit data bus
3.0 Hardware

Duplex Assembly
responsible for flipping the paper over after the first side has been printed to allow the second side to be printed without having to manually reinsert the paper
Core 1 General

Duplex Mode
Allows users to print on both sides of the paper without taking it out
Core 1 General

Duplexing Assembly
Allows for automatic two-sided printing, improving efficiency by flipping the paper over after the first side is printed
Core 1 General

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
Optical disc format that provides for 4-8.4 GB of
Core 1 General

Dynamic and Private Ports
Located between 49,152-65,535. Often used for temporary outbound connections. Not registered by IANA
Core 1 General

Dynamic Assignments
Automatically assign configuration details to devices joining the network. Usually relies on DHCP.
2.0 Networking

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Uses ports 67 and 68 to automatically assign IP addresses and other network settings.
2.0 Networking

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Oldest type of memory that requires frequent refreshing. It needs to be refreshed or given new electrical charge every few milliseconds.
3.0 Hardware

Egress
Amount of data leaving the cloud
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Elastic Cloud Infrastructure
Always scaling up on demand as needed
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Elasticity
Allows resources to scale up or down dynamically based on demand
Core 1 General

Electrical Safety
Always unplug device before working inside it
Core 1 General

Electronic Code
Used in CDMA phones, Can't change providers with CDMA.
Core 1 General

Electrophotographic Printing
The 7-step process in laser printers: Processing, Charging, Exposing, Developing, Transferring, Fusing, Cleaning
Core 1 General

Email servers
Servers that are set up to compose a message and send it to another user
Core 1 General

Embedded Systems
Computer system designed to perform specific and dedicated functions
Core 1 General

EMI sources in Twisted Pair Cables
*Power Lines
Core 1 General

EMI, cable length, and network hardware
These things can reduce the amount of throughput in a Twisted Pair Cable
2.0 Networking

Emulation
System imitation
Core 1 General

Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM)
Class of software designed to apply security policies for use on mobile devices
1.0 Mobile Devices

Enterprise systems
Databases support critical functions like payroll, inventory management, and reporting
Core 1 General

Error Correcting Code (ECC)
A type of memory that is slower than parity but has a higher integrity and reliability.
3.0 Hardware

Escalation
Transferring a problem when greater authority or expertise is required.
Core 1 General

eSIM Card
Digital SIM card that can be changed. A cheaper way of getting data service when overseas.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Every three to six months
How often should you blow out dust from your computer?
Core 1 General

Expansion Card Slots
labeled PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x8, or PCIe x16. PCIex 16 provides 25 watts of power by default but some can support up to 75 watts of power.
3.0 Hardware

Expansion Cards
Used to add functions or ports that are not supported by default as an integrated part of your motherboards
Core 1 General

Expired or Revoked Credentials
Expired passwords or locked accounts due to failed login attempts prevent access until resolved
Core 1 General

Exposing
3rd step in electrophotographic printing. The laser beam scans the drum and selectively neutralizes areas where the toner will later adhere.
Core 1 General

Extended Page Table (EPT)
Second level address translation under Intel
Core 1 General

External Device
Device that is placed outside the computer case or tower and connected to an external port
2.0 Networking

External SATA (eSATA)
Cable used commonly for external Hard Drives.
3.0 Hardware

Extruder
Serves as the 3D Printer's version of a printhead that heats and melts the filament, squirting it onto the build plate layer by layer
3.0 Hardware

F-Type Connector
Coxial connector with a threaded metal metallic connector that will screw on to a coaxial jack on the cable modem or the wall jack
2.0 Networking

Faded Printouts
Occurs when the output looks washed out or lighter than expected. Usually happens from low ink or toner. Can also happen from a worn ribbon, or an improper gap between the printhead and the paper.
Core 1 General

Fans
Help cool the melted filament as it's extruded to ensure that the object retains its intended shape as the layers are built.
Core 1 General

Fast Charge
Adds strain to the battery, reducing its lifespan overtime
Core 1 General

Feed Assembly
Mechanism that pulls the paper through the printer
3.0 Hardware

Feeder
Picks individual sheets of paper from the input tray and passes them onto the roller
Core 1 General

Fiber Connections
Technology increasingly deployed by Internet service providers to deliver faster, more reliable internet than traditional copper or coaxial connections.
2.0 Networking

Fiber Optic Cables
Cables that use light from LEDs or lasers to transmit data through thin strands of glass or plastic. Immune to EMI since they rely on light for transmission. Supports longer distances and higher speeds. Expensive and difficult to work with.
2.0 Networking

Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)
Involves fiber optic cable running to a pedestal or distribution point near the property
2.0 Networking

Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
Can be used to bring the fiber optic cable directly into your home or office
2.0 Networking

Fieldbus
Digital serial data communication protocol used in OT networks to link different PLCs
2.0 Networking

Filament
The material for a 3D printer that comes on a roll or spool and if fed into the extruder to create the object layer by layer
3.0 Hardware

File
A named collection of stored information.
Core 1 General

File extension
Characters after a filename that identify its file type.
Core 1 General

File path
The location of a file or folder within a storage system.
3.0 Hardware

File Server
Can be configured to allow the clients on the network to access the network and be able to read and write to its desk (file share)
2.0 Networking

File synchronization
A feature of the cloud that allows users to keep their files updated across multiple devices in real time.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Operates on ports 20 and 21 and is used for transferring files between a client and a server.
2.0 Networking

File Transfer Protocol Secure (FTPS)
Uses TLS for encryption. It can run on ports 20/21 but is sometimes allocated to ports 989/990.
2.0 Networking

Firewall
Scans and blocks traffic that enters or leaves a network
2.0 Networking

Firewalls
Act as the primary defense at a network's boundary, and can inspect and control traffic using a variety of techniques.
2.0 Networking

Firmware
Software embedded in hardware components
3.0 Hardware

Firmware (Software-on-a-chip)
Contains the specialized BIOS program code in flash memory on the motherboard
3.0 Hardware

Flashing
Performed during upgrades, security fixes, or feature improvements. Used when updating BIOS/UEFI.
3.0 Hardware

Flashing Screen
The cable is not properly connected
2.0 Networking

Flatbed Scanner
Most common scanner, used on paper and other flat objects.
Core 1 General

Floppy disk drives
form of external storage found in legacy systems as well as ICS and SCADA systems or military hardware.
3.0 Hardware

Folder
A container used to organize files and other folders.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Form Factors
Describes the shape, layout, and type of case and power supply compatible with a motherboard. Also describes the number and type of adapter cards, and other components.
3.0 Hardware

Forward Secrecy
Ensures that even of the networks password is compromised in the future, past communication sessions remain secure
Core 1 General

Four essential functions of a computer
Input, processing, storage, output
3.0 Hardware

Full Duplex
Network that sends and receives information at the same time
2.0 Networking

Full Tunnel VPN
Routes and encrypts all network requests through the VPN connection back to the headquarters
2.0 Networking

Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
A domain name with a complete, precise address of a specific device or service within the DNS hierarchy. This includes the root, top-level domain, second-level domain, and the subdomain.
2.0 Networking

Fuser Assembly
where the toner, which has been loosely applied to the paper, is permanently fused to the paper through the application of heat and pressure through the heated roller and the pressure roller.
Core 1 General

Fusing
The 6th step in electrophotographic printing. The toner becomes permanently bonded to the paper as it passes between the heated fuser roller and a pressure roller, which together melt the toner and press it into the paper fibers.
Core 1 General

Fuzzy Image
occurs when the output resolution from the computer is lower than the monitor's default resolution
3.0 Hardware

Garbled printouts
Occurs when the character on the page are jumbled, corrupted, or unreadable. Try reinstalling or updating the printer driver.
3.0 Hardware

Gears, motors, and motion control system
Control either the movement of the build surface or of the extruder itself
Core 1 General

General Tab
Gives users some basic information about the printer
3.0 Hardware

Geo-Tracking
Tracking of someone's location over a given amount of time based on where they are.
Core 1 General

Geographic distribution
Ensures that the services remain operational even if an entire region experiences an outage.
Core 1 General

Geosynchronous Satellite
Positioned farther from Earth and covers a wide area. Most of the Earth is covered with only a few of these satellites. Have higher latency and slower speeds due to their distance.
Core 1 General

Geotagging
GPS coordinates inside the photos
1.0 Mobile Devices

Gigabyte
A digital storage unit larger than a megabyte.
3.0 Hardware

Global Positioning System (GPS)
Space-based radio navigation system consisting of a constellation of satellites and a network of ground stations that's used for monitoring and control purposes.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Globally Routed Address
Like IPv4, enable Internet communication and begin with 2000-3999
Core 1 General

Google Workspace
Requires a Gmail or enterprise account with a custom domain
Core 1 General

Grinding Noises
These sounds indicate a problem with the gears or rollers inside the printer, and the cause can vary depending on the type of printer. Inspect the carriage assembly and gears. Identifying the source of the noise is key. Likely a problem with the toner cartridge, fuser, or rollers
3.0 Hardware

GUID Partition Table (GPT)
Specialized boot scheme with modern advantages. Contains a protective MBR, the Primary Partition Entry Array, and a Backup Partition Entry Array.
Core 1 General

Gyroscope
An improved version of the basic accelerometer. Detects pitch (Y), roll (X), and yaw (Z). Performs unique actions and stabilized images.
Core 1 General

Half Duplex
Network that sends or receives information. Never both at the same time.
2.0 Networking

Hard disk drive
Magnetic storage using spinning platters and moving heads.
3.0 Hardware

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
A device that stores data on a metal or glass platter coated with a magnetic substance
3.0 Hardware

Hardware
Physical parts of a computer
3.0 Hardware

Hardware Root of Trust (RoT)
A cryptographic module embedded within a computer system that can endorse trusted execution and attest to boot settings and metrics
3.0 Hardware

Hardware Security Module (HSM)
An appliance for generating and storing cryptographic keys. This sort of solution may be less susceptible to tampering and insider threats than software-based storage. Secures using encryption paths which are much less susceptible than traditional passwords or secret keys. Produces as internal cards, rack mounted devices, IoT devices, and USB flash drives.
3.0 Hardware

HDD Mechanical Problems
Hearing grinding noises or clicking sounds can indicate,
3.0 Hardware

HDMI Digital Content Protection (HDCP)
Allows a device to validate the connection with the display.
3.0 Hardware

HDMI Type C
Mini-HDMI, used in portable devices.
Core 1 General

HDMI Type D
Micro-HDMI designed for use with compact portable equipment (cell phones)
Core 1 General

HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, and DVI-D
Signal will completely disappear with these video cables
Core 1 General

Header
Includes the timestamp of the event and the host name of the device that generated the message
Core 1 General

Headsets
Combine headphones and microphones for hands-free communication
Core 1 General

Heat sink
A metal cooling device that draws heat away from a component.
Core 1 General

Heating Element
Located in the printhead that heats up specific area of the paper (or thermal ribbon) to create the image. More heating pins result in a higher resolution, measure in dots per inch (DPI).
3.0 Hardware

Heatsink
Form of passive cooling as a finned metal device that radiates heat away from the processor
3.0 Hardware

Heatsink power
Labeled as cpu_fan
Core 1 General

Hierarchal Structure of NTP Stratums
Organized into stratum layers to ensure accurate and reliable time distribution.
Core 1 General

High Density Cable
Uses 68 pins to carry data for SCSI.
2.0 Networking

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
Reaches speeds of up to 14.4 Mbps and is sometimes referred to as 3.5G
Core 1 General

High Speed Packet Access Evolution (HSPA+)
Reaches speeds of up to 50 Mbps and is sometimes referred to as 3.75G
Core 1 General

High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP)
This coding scheme protects audio and digital video signals over HDMI, DisplayPort, and similar technologies. Prevents people from being able to copy or illegally intercept signals from a streaming video session
Core 1 General

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
Displays 1080p or 1920 x 1080 pixels using a graphical display and provides 60 Hz. Considered Category 1.
3.0 Hardware

High-resolution HDMI
4k and 8k resolutions with 60, 120, or 144 Hz. Considered Category 2. Premium High Speed is 18 Gbps while Ultra High Speed is 48 Gbps
Core 1 General

Host level
Involves a specific device or server within the domain
Core 1 General

Hot-Swappable Device
A device that can be plugged and unplugged without turning off the computer or disrupting the system.
Core 1 General

Hub
Has a number of different ports between 4 and 48 ports. Can operate at 10 megabits per second, or as fast as 100 megabits per second. Uses RJ-45 copper cables. Data collisions are more likely to occur with more users using it at once. Messages are re-broadcasted to every port.
2.0 Networking

Hub and Control Systems
IoT devices used as a central point of communication for many automations. Rely on protocols like Z-Wave or ZigBee instead of relying on Bluetooth or Wi-Fi
1.0 Mobile Devices

Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Can be a local control panel or software that runs on a computer
Core 1 General

Hybrid Cloud
Combines the benefits of both private and cloud options Some resources are developed by the organization itself. Can also rely on public services or outsource services to another service provider.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Hybrid Drives
a combination of a mechanical hard drive and an SSD drive
3.0 Hardware

Hybrid Fiber-coaxial (HFC)
Combines the high capacity of fiber optic cables with the flexibility and affordability of coaxial cables
2.0 Networking

Hyperconverged Infrastructure
Allows for the full integration of the storage, network, and servers without hardware changes
3.0 Hardware

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Operates on port 80 and is the foundation of the World Wide Web.
2.0 Networking

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
Uses port 443 and is the secure version of HTTP. Encrypts web pages using TLS or the older SSL protocol
2.0 Networking

Hypervisor
A piece of hardware that's called the bare bones or bare metal that has virtualization software installed on top of it
3.0 Hardware

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Assigns IP addresses for organizations
2.0 Networking

iCloud
Free service on with a storage tier on iCloud works well with iPhones and iPads.
3.0 Hardware

Imaging Drum
Creates the image on paper by holding an electrostatic charge, applied uniformly by the primary charge roller or corona wire. Lasts up to 10,000 pages.
Core 1 General

Impact printers
"One of the oldest type of printers, used to be called ""Dot Matrix Printers"" and still valued for their unique functionality in specialized settings. The mechanism pushes a ribbon saturated with ink against the paper to create marks or characters. Still used today in auto repair shops, warehouses, and healthcare facilities."
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

In-memory Databases
Store data in a server's random access memory to achieve ultra-fast performance and are often used for caching or real-time data processing. ex.) Redis and Memcache
3.0 Hardware

Inaccurate System Date/Time
Almost always caused by the CMOS battery.
Core 1 General

Inbound ports
Ports that listen for incoming connections
Core 1 General

Incorrect Chroma Display
Occurs when the colors in the printout don't match the expected output. Ensure that the correct cartridges are placed in the appropriate slots.
3.0 Hardware

Incorrect Color Displays
With several issues can cause incorrect colors to be displayed. Common one is wrong color bit set
Core 1 General

Incorrect credentials
One of the most common causes of authentication failures
Core 1 General

Indoor Positioning System (IPS)
Allows device to be used indoors and still be able to figure out where a user is. Locates device through triangulation based on its proximity to other radio sources.
Core 1 General

Industrial Control System (ICS)
Provides the mechanisms for workflow and process automation by controlling machinery using embedded devices
Core 1 General

Information Technology eXtended (ITX)
Designed as a replacement for the ATX but never produced
Core 1 General

Infrared (IR)
Relies on line-of-sight communication in which devices must have a clear, unobstructed view of each other to exchange data.
Core 1 General

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
A means of provisioning IT resources when needed. Focused on hardware only, also including the virtual machines, storage, and networking portions of that hardware.
3.0 Hardware

Infrastructure Mode
The printer connects to the network's access point, receive an IP address via DHCP, and functions like a wired device
2.0 Networking

Ingress
Amount of data entering the cloud
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Inherence Factor
Refers to something you are
Core 1 General

Inkjet Printer
A type of printer that uses tiny jets or nozzles to spray ink onto the paper, to print a page line by line.
3.0 Hardware

Installing the Motherboard and CPU
1. Review the motherboard's documentation
3.0 Hardware

Instruction set
The collection of commands a processor can execute.
3.0 Hardware

Insufficient power, faulty cable
If the light for the storage device is not blinking during read or write, the storage device could have
2.0 Networking

Intel
Use a Land Grid Array (LGA) for CPUs
Core 1 General

Intel and AMD
Two main manufacturers of CPUs.
Core 1 General

Intermittent wired connectivity
Upstate to a downstate of switch port
2.0 Networking

Intermittent wireless connectivity
Connected or disconnected network
2.0 Networking

Internal Device
Device that is placed inside the computer case or tower
Core 1 General

Internet Information Services (IIS)
Extensible web server software, created by Microsoft (HTTP, HTTP/2, and HTTPS)
Core 1 General

Internet Layer
Second layer in the TCP/IP model used to address packets and route them across the network
2.0 Networking

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
Operates on port 143 and provides advanced email retrieval to allow users to manage messages directly on the server
2.0 Networking

Internet of Things (IoT)
Global network of appliances and personal devices that have been equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity to report state and configuration. These include Building and home automation systems, IP video systems, physical access control systems, and scientific and industrial equipment.
2.0 Networking

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
Introduced in the early 1980s, the most widely used protocol for assigning unique addresses to a device on a network. Uses 32 bits or 4 bytes each converting to numbers ranging from 0 to 255. (ex. 192.168.1.4) Becoming increasingly scarce due to population increase and less addresses to assign.
2.0 Networking

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Developed to address IPv4 limitations, solve address exhaustion, and enhance efficiency, sociability, and security. Written in hexadecimal notation, with eight segments of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. Has room for 340 Undecillion addresses.
2.0 Networking

Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)
Work well for small-scale attacks against the network, but do not have enough processing power to handle a truly large-scale attack.
2.0 Networking

iOS
Developed by Apple for iPhones and iPads but is now used only on iPhones, with iPadOS used for iPads. Relies on closed-source code.
Core 1 General

IP Address
Unique identifier for a network device to communicate with other devices
2.0 Networking

IP-based File and Print Server / Cloud Printing
Allows for printing anywhere in the world
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

IPS Panels (In-Plane Switching)
Rotate liquid crystals horizontally to enhance color accuracy and improve the displays viewing angles. Users can view the screen clearly from almost any angle. Improved color reproduction, viewing angles, and response times.
Core 1 General

IPv6 Shorthand Notation
Omitting leading zeroes in a segment of an IPv6 address. And a sequence of only zeroes are replaced by double colons. Double colons can only be used once.
Core 1 General

Issues relating to faulty display cables
*Broken Cable
2.0 Networking

Issues with RAID
*Failure of a single disk
3.0 Hardware

Iterative Lookup
Provides partial answers and directs the client to continue querying other DNS servers as needed
2.0 Networking

Java (Language), Android Studio (IDE)
Programming language, and IDE used by Android.
Core 1 General

Jitter
Measures variation in delay by sampling elapsed time between packet arrival and sending.
Core 1 General

Kensington Lock (Case Slot / Kensington Security Slot)
Small port on the side of a laptop that allows you to connect a metal braided cable that will lock into place.
2.0 Networking

Kernal Panic
A system crash or unresponsiveness on Linux. Exit codes are written as: 0x_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Core 1 General

Kilobyte
A unit of digital storage commonly representing 1,024 bytes in binary measurement.
3.0 Hardware

Knowledge Factor
Simplest form of authentication and refers to something you know
Core 1 General

Landscape Mode
Horizontal page orientation for printers. Used for spreadsheets and slideshows.
Core 1 General

Laser Printers
Specialized type of printer that produces high-quality text and images. Used toner and contains an imaging drum, fuser assembly, transfer belt/roller, pickup rollers, paper separation pad, and duplex assembly
3.0 Hardware

Latency
Time it takes for a signal to reach the intended client.
Core 1 General

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Type of display that uses a liquid crystal material whose properties change when voltage is applied. Picture elements contain subpixels called RGB. Uses a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL) as the backlight which requires an inverter to convert the DC power from the battery into the AC required for that CCFL to operate.
3.0 Hardware

LED Displays (Light Emitting Diode)
Type of display that uses and LED backlight. It is more energy efficient, and tends to be thinner and lighter in weight. Operates fully on DC power.
3.0 Hardware

Legacy System
Computer system that is no longer supported by its vendor and no longer provided with security updates and patches
Core 1 General

Lightning Cable
Proprietary cable that is only used by Apple devices. Older Apple devices use them and the other side of the cable is either USB-A or USB-C.
2.0 Networking

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
Uses port 389 for directory services, such as managing user accounts and groups in environments like Microsoft Active Directory.
2.0 Networking

Limited Connectivity
Specialized message to receive within the operating system. Usually means you have a proper connection, but not a proper lease with the DHCP server, blocking internet access.
2.0 Networking

Link-local Address
IPv6 address that is used for local network communication, begins with FE80, and is automatically assigned to IPv6-enabled interfaces
2.0 Networking

Link/Network Interface Layer
First layer of the TCP/IP Model responsible for putting frames in the physical network's transmission media. This media can be through a copper twisted pair cable, fiber, or analog.
2.0 Networking

Liquid Cooling
A method of cooling a PC that works by running some liquid—
Core 1 General

Liquid Damage
*Dry off excess liquid
Core 1 General

liquid reservoir
holds all liquid as it expands and contracts inside of the system
Core 1 General

Load Balancer/Content Switch
Distributes incoming requests across a number of servers inside a server farm or a cloud infrastructure
2.0 Networking

Local Area Network (LAN)
Connects all components within a limited distance
2.0 Networking

Location Factor
Refers to somewhere you are
Core 1 General

Loopback Addresses
Use 127.0.0.1. Reserved for testing and troubleshooting network functionality on a local device. Data will be sent to the device itself when pinging this address.
2.0 Networking

Loopback Plugs
Diagnostic tools that test network ports by rerouting transmit signal to receive pins.
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Low Earth Orbit Satellites
Operate closer to earth and needs hundred to thousands of these satellites to cover Earth fully. Shorter distance results in lower latency and improved performance. Helps provide internet to unserved locations
Core 1 General

Low signal strength
Measured using the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
Core 1 General

M.2 connector
found on the lower right side and is used for certain storage devices. They are screwed down into the retaining screw holes on the left side of the M.2 connector.
2.0 Networking

MAC Address Filtering
Allows routers to permit or deny access based on device MAC addresses, which is the hardware address of a given network card in a device
2.0 Networking

Mail Exchange Records (MX Records)
Handle email delivery by directing email traffic to the correct mail servers for a domain
Core 1 General

Mainboard power
Found all the way to the right where the power supply cable goes. Powers everything except CPU. Can be a 20-pin or a 20 + 4 pin connector.
2.0 Networking

Maintenance Kits
Contains replacement parts: feed rollers, transfer rollers, fuser units, etc.
Core 1 General

Managed Google Play
Managed version of the Google Play store that contains apps that are distributed to employees' devices
Core 1 General

Managed Switch
Switch that performs its functions with configurations and has more advanced features, including 802.11X, MAC filtering, Configuring VLAN, DHCP, and many more features.
2.0 Networking

Mass Storage Device
Any kind of non-volatile storage device that can hold data when the system is powered down at a large scale. Usually measured in GB or TB.
3.0 Hardware

Mass storage devices
Permanent storage area
3.0 Hardware

Master Boot Record (MBR)
Legacy method of providing the boot information. Stored in the first sector of the the first partition on the device. Information about all partitions is stored in the first sector and information on where the first bootable partition is.
Core 1 General

Megabyte
A digital storage unit larger than a kilobyte.
3.0 Hardware

Memory Cards
Mass storage device form factor commonly used in video and digital cameras, smartphones, tablets, wearables, and IoT devices
3.0 Hardware

Memory controller
A circuit that manages communication between the CPU and memory.
3.0 Hardware

Memory Sockets
Typically found on the upper right side of the motherboard where the RAM goes. Use either 2 or 4 RAM.
3.0 Hardware

Message Body
Contains details about the event itself, such as the source process and specific information related to the event.
Core 1 General

Metered Utilization
A critical component of how cloud services are priced for modern applications. Tracks the amount of storage used, the computing power consumed, and the network bandwidth utilized.
2.0 Networking

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Connects scattered locations across a city or metro area. Covers an area of around 25 miles. LANs work together as a large internal network.
2.0 Networking

microATX (mATX)
"Measures 9.6"" squared (244 mm x 244 mm). Only has four expansion cards."
Core 1 General

Microphones
Essential for audio capture during calls, recordings, or production
Core 1 General

Microsoft 365
Provides the ability to have office productivity software and a large amount of storage space in the Cloud (OneDrive).
3.0 Hardware

Microsoft Exchange
Mailbox server environment designed for Windows-based domain environments. Used widely in many corporate environments.
Core 1 General

Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
Owned by Microsoft. Allows users to centralize printer management tasks, share printers across the network, monitor print queues, and troubleshoot issues
3.0 Hardware

Microwave Link
Transmits data using radio waves in the 300 MHz to 300 GHz frequency range. Can operate in Ultra High Frequency (UHF), Super High Frequency (SHF), or Extremely High Frequency (EHF).
Core 1 General

Microwave-based fixed wireless network
Offers longer range and higher speeds than Wi-Fi, relies on high-frequency signals to establish point-to-point links between fixed transmitters and receivers. Can cover distances of up to 40 miles.
2.0 Networking

Mini PCIe
Standard PCIe card with smaller form factor used inside of laptops, specifically for wireless networking.
2.0 Networking

Mini-ATX
Smaller than ATX but contains many of the same features as a standard ATX motherboard
3.0 Hardware

Mini-ITX
"Measures 6.7"" x 6.7"" with only one expansion slot (170 x 170mm)"
Core 1 General

Mini-LED Displays
Combines the best of LCD and LED backlighting into a newer type of display panel. Use thousands of LEDs to create highly localized backlighting zones.
3.0 Hardware

MiniDP or mDP
Smaller version of DisplayPort
Core 1 General

Missing Dots in Printer Characters or Images
Printhead pins can wear down overtime from repeated impact and this leads to incomplete characters. Replace the printhead.
3.0 Hardware

Mobile and IoT applications
Rely on database servers to process and store data from sensors and user devices
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Application Management (MAM)
sets policies for apps that can process corporate data, and prevents data transfer to personal apps. This type of solution configures an enterprise-managed container or workspace.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Device
Any device that is portable and easy to use on the move
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Device calibration issues
Occurs when touch inputs register in the wrong locations
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Device Management (MDM)
Sets device-level policies for authentication, feature use, and connectivity
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Device Synchronization/Sync
Act of copying data back and forth between different devices
1.0 Mobile Devices

Mobile Power Issues
*Poor battery health
1.0 Mobile Devices

MoDem
Modulate/Demodulate
Core 1 General

Modular Power Supply Unit
Allows to unhook the connectors and detach from the power supply unit
3.0 Hardware

Molex Connector
A 4-pin power connector used to provide power to a PATA hard drive or optical drive, and SCSI. Used for IDE and PATA hard disks, CDs, and DVD drives.
2.0 Networking

Motherboard
Printed circuit board containing the principal components of a computer. Connected to the parts responsible for basic input, output, processing, and storage.
3.0 Hardware

mSATA
Smaller form factor that allows an SSD to be packaged as an adapter card that can be plugged into a combined data and power port on a motherboard.
3.0 Hardware

Multi-Channel Memory
Uses two different memory modules to increase the performance and throughput
3.0 Hardware

Multi-core Processors
Single CPU with multiple processors inside
3.0 Hardware

Multi-factor Authentication
Two-factor authentication (2FA) (MFA)
Core 1 General

Multi-page Misfeed
Similar to paper not feeding and occurs when multiple sheets of paper are pulled into the printer at once. Use clean, dry, and flat paper in correct size to prevent this.
3.0 Hardware

Multi-Tester
Can test various connectors like RJ-45, RJ-11, coaxial, fiber, and more
2.0 Networking

Multi-touch
Category of mobile device display that processes multiple contact points for advanced gestures.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Allowed simultaneous communication with multiple devices to significantly reduce congestion and improve the network's efficiency.
2.0 Networking

Multicast Address
Always begin with FF, making them easy to recognize in IPv6 addresses. Commonly used in video streaming and network management. Enables group communication.
2.0 Networking

Multifunction Device (MFD)
A specialized type of printer combined with other functions such as a scanner
3.0 Hardware

Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Fiber mode where light bounces off the sheath and goes in multiple lines. Covers shorter distances, and less expensive. 50 - 100µ in diameter. Typically has an aqua blue or orange sheath.
2.0 Networking

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Enable access points to use multiple antennas to transmit and receive data simultaneously
Core 1 General

Multitenancy
Multiple customers can share the same physical infrastructure while keeping their data and applications completely separate
Core 1 General

Multithreading
The ability of an application to execute multiple instructions at the same time
Core 1 General

Narrow SCSI
SCSI that supports up to 7 devices
Core 1 General

Near Field Communication (NFC)
A short-range radio frequency technology that allows devices to communicate when they are only a few inches apart.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Near-field Communication (NFC) Scanner
Primarily gonna be used to pair peripheral devices or establish connection to a smartphone or tablet
1.0 Mobile Devices

Network Address Translation (NAT)
Allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address
2.0 Networking

Network Addresses
First in an IP rand and identify the network itself
2.0 Networking

Network Basic Input/Output System and NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBIOS and NetBT)
Uses port 137 and 139 to facilitate file and priter sharing on Windows networks
2.0 Networking

Network Interface Card (NIC)
An expansion card that enables a computer to connect other computers or to a cable modem to facilitate a high-speed Internet connection. Contains the MAC address. Uses and RJ-45 port or a ST/SC/MT-RJ connector. Installed into PCIe x1 slot.
2.0 Networking

Network Issues
Network downtime or misconfigured firewalls blocking the authentication server cause authentication failure
2.0 Networking

Network issues affecting network segment
Look for the single switch settings
2.0 Networking

Network issues affecting single client
Look for the individual duplex settings, speed settings, network adapter drivers, and malware
2.0 Networking

Network issues affecting the entire network
Look for the router, gateway, or firewall
2.0 Networking

Network Performance Issues
Manifesting the slowdown of network
2.0 Networking

Network Taps
Devices that split or copy network traffic for analysis. Comes in both copper and fiber varieties.
2.0 Networking

Network Time Protocol (NTP) Servers
Ensure accurate and synchronized time across devices in modern networks. Uses the Network Time Protocol to distribute precise time information to connected devices. Operates over UDP using port 1, 2, 3, and it's designed to synchronize clocks to within milliseconds of the coordinated universal time known as UTC.
2.0 Networking

Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)
Advanced traffic filtering and security inspections using a single, optimized engine
2.0 Networking

Nibble
four combined bits
Core 1 General

Non-Parity Memory
Standard memory that does not check for errors and allows data to be put in or taken out
3.0 Hardware

Non-Plenum Rated Cables (Riser Cables)
Cables used in areas where fire safety regulations are less strict, such as between floors and vertical spaces. Typically insulated with PVC and are cheaper to produce.
Core 1 General

Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)
Used with M.2 form factor SATA devices, allows plugging directly into the motherboard using a port often labeled as M.2
3.0 Hardware

NoSQL Databases
Handle unstructured or semi-structured data, which makes them mire suitable for applications like real-time analytics and social media platforms. Mongo DB, Cassandra are some.
Core 1 General

Not enough RAM, disk being used as a swap file
If the LED activity light is constantly blinking with a storage device, there's a lot of reading and writing due to,
3.0 Hardware

Offer
Occurs when the DHCP server responds to the client device with an available IP address from its scope of available IP addresses
2.0 Networking

OLED Displays (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
Do not require a backlight because each pixel within can emit its own light. Superior contrast ratios. Thinner, lighter, and more power efficient. Have the ability to use flexible material that enable more innovative designs. Susceptible to burn in.
Core 1 General

Open Loop System
A liquid cooling based system that have different components and are able to cool several components across the system
Core 1 General

Open piar
When one or more conductors in the pair are not connected on one of the pins at either end of the twisted pair cable.
2.0 Networking

Open-source
Software and source code are freely available for developers to download, modify, and redistribute
Core 1 General

Operating system
Software that manages hardware and provides services to applications.
3.0 Hardware

Operational Technology (OT)
A communications network designed to implement an industrial control system. Technology that interacts with the real world.
2.0 Networking

Optical Character Recognition Software (OCR)
Converts scanned text into digital documents that can then be manipulated using a word processing program
Core 1 General

Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
Terminates fiber connection
2.0 Networking

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Divides data transmission into smaller subchannels that can each carry a portion of the data. Minimizes interference and enable higher rates of data. Used in wireless g, n, ac, and ax standards with channel widths ranging from 20 MHz to 160 MHz.
2.0 Networking

Outbound ports
Dynamically opened by a client device when initiating a connection
Core 1 General

Overclocking
Running a processor faster than its rated setting.
3.0 Hardware

Overheating Damage
Any device that's unable to properly cool itself down
Core 1 General

Page Description Language (PDL)
Used to create a raster file from the print commands that are sent by a software application
Core 1 General

Paired Bank Memory Module
Requires installation of banks in pairs
3.0 Hardware

Paper Jam
Occurs when a sheet of paper becomes lodged somewhere inside the printer path and prevents the printer process from continuing. Consult the control panel on the printer, remove the paper tray, and remove other components if the jam is located further inside.
3.0 Hardware

Paper not feeding
This is usually caused by worn pickup rollers. Replace the pickup rollers. Pickup rollers are part of printer maintenance kits.
3.0 Hardware

Paper Separation Pad
creates friction that prevents more than one sheet of paper from entering the feed path at once
Core 1 General

Parity Memory
Performs basic error checking and ensures the memory contents are reliable. Every byte has an associated parity bit.
3.0 Hardware

Passive Cooling
Type of cooling that doesn't rely on moving parts or power
Core 1 General

Passwords
Secret keys for accessing apps, resources, and websites
Core 1 General

Patch Panel
Device that allows cable jacks from a wall into a central area
2.0 Networking

PCIe 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0
PCIe Versions
3.0 Hardware

PCIe bus lanes
16 lanes, 24 lanes, 32 lanes
3.0 Hardware

PCIe form factors
PCIe x1 PCIe x4 PCIe x8 PCIe x16
3.0 Hardware

Performance Issues
Could be hardware-related, software-related, or both. Can be caused by faulty hardware, overheating, OS or BIOS misconfigurations, and many other possible causes.
3.0 Hardware

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)
Connects to the bus to get data to and from the motherboard for external devices. Uses a point-to-point serial connection.
3.0 Hardware

Permanent Storage
Storage that takes place in Hard Disk Drives, Solid-State Drives, USB flash drives, Tape backup drives, and Floppy disk drives.
3.0 Hardware

Personal Area Network (PAN)
Smallest type of wired or wireless network and covers the least amount of area. Covers about 10 feet or less.
2.0 Networking

Physical Component Damage
Can be caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrical spikes, poor or rough cabling, or overheating
Core 1 General

Physical Port Damage
*Frequent charging degrades the external port, causing damage, looseness, or improper fit. To fix this, remove the port and replace it.
2.0 Networking

Pickup Rollers
responsible for picking up a single sheet of paper from the feed tray and sending it through the various stages of the printing process
Core 1 General

Piezoelectric
Changes the shape of a ink nozzle in response to electrical voltage. Cartridges tend to last longer.
3.0 Hardware

Pins 1 and 2
The transmit pins on an RJ-45 connector
2.0 Networking

Pins 3 and 6
The transmit pins on an RJ-45 connector
2.0 Networking

Pinwheel of Death
Mac OS X indicator that occurs when the OS experiences a process failure, making the application unresponsive. Can force stop the process to restore functionality.
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Pixel Density
The number of pixels packed into a given area (measured in PPI)
Core 1 General

Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Gives the users the benefits of using the cloud and the ability to customize their own development. The third party vendor is going to provide the organization with the hardware and OS software. Organization is only responsible for the code behind the software
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Plenum-rated Cables
Cables designed for use in plenum spaces or areas in a building that facilitate air circulation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. They are constructed with materials that emit minimal smoke and toxic fumes. Often committed in building codes, where fire safety is a priority.
Core 1 General

Port Flapping
Caused by an intermittent connectivity issue between the client and the network switch
2.0 Networking

Port range
0-65,535
2.0 Networking

Port replicator
Uses the exact same features as a laptop. Attaches to a laptop to replicate different ports. Provides easier access by having the connectors plugged into a separate device.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Portable Document Format (PDF)
Developed by Adobe to serve a similar functionality and has been around decades before XPS came on the market.
Core 1 General

Portrait Mode
Vertical orientation option for printers. Used for documents.
Core 1 General

Ports
Logical communication endpoints that allow a device to send or receive data through specific applications or services
Core 1 General

Ports Tab
Users are able to select information about the ports that the printer is connected to
3.0 Hardware

Possession Factor
Refers to something you have
Core 1 General

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)
Uses port 110 to retrieve email from a server
2.0 Networking

PostScript
Created by Adobe and is designed to be a device-independent PDL
Core 1 General

Power cycling
Involves turning the printer off, waiting for about 10 seconds, and then turning it back on.
3.0 Hardware

Power injector
Can be used if a switch does not support PoE. Plugs into a wall outlet to get power
2.0 Networking

Power Issues
* Power button is not connected properly to motherboard
3.0 Hardware

Power LED connector
2-pin connector on the bottom right to light up the motherboard
2.0 Networking

Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Supplies electrical power from a switch port over an ordinary data cable to a power device
2.0 Networking

Power-On Self-Test (POST)
A diagnostic testing sequence run by the BIOS to check of the hardware is working properly
3.0 Hardware

Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
Diagnostic program in firmware checks hardware readiness to boot the PC. Checks processor, memory, input devices, and output devices.
3.0 Hardware

Powered Device (PD) Port
Dedicated power port that can give up to 1500 milliamps or 1.5 amps or 7.5 watts of power
2.0 Networking

Pre-Operating System Environment
The area of the computer that can be attacked during the bootup phase
Core 1 General

Pre-Shared Key (PSK)
Involves using the same password on both the wireless access point and client device to establish an encrypted connection. When one changes their password every everyone else is.
2.0 Networking

Preferred Roaming List (PRL)
Contains all the information about different cellular towers
1.0 Mobile Devices

Principle of Least Privilege
Users will only have enough permissions to do what they need to do.
Core 1 General

Print Bed/Build Plate
A flat surface where the material is extruded and build upon. Preheated to prevent warping or adhesion.
Core 1 General

Print Drivers
Translate the data from the computer into a format the printer can understand
3.0 Hardware

Print monitor
Software used to transmit print jobs to the printer while also providing status information to the user
3.0 Hardware

Print Queue
List of print jobs waiting to be processed by the printer
3.0 Hardware

Print Server
Another server that could be a physical workstation or network infrastructure that provides printing functionality
2.0 Networking

Print Spooler
organizes print jobs and communicates with the printer on behalf of the OS
3.0 Hardware

Printer
A type of device that makes images on a piece of paper
3.0 Hardware

Printer Connectivity Issues
*Operating system is not detecting a locally attached printer
3.0 Hardware

Printer Control Language (PCL)
Developed by HP and is closely tied to the features of different printer models
3.0 Hardware

Printer Drivers and Firmware
Programs that control physical printers
3.0 Hardware

Printer fails to recognize the paper tray
Happens for a variety of reasons, and when the tray isn't detected, the printer won't be able to pick up paper to begin the printing process. Check that the try is properly inserted. Inspect the tray's sensors and guides. The tray itself could be faulty.
3.0 Hardware

Printer Firmware
The software embedded in the printer that controls its basic functions
3.0 Hardware

Printer Share
Allows users to connect a printer to a workstation via USB or Bluetooth, and share it with other users on the network.
3.0 Hardware

Printhead
Responsible for directing ink onto the paper through the piezoelectric method or the thermal method.
3.0 Hardware

Printing process of an inkjet printer
The operating system translate the file sent to the printer into commands that the printer is able to understand.
3.0 Hardware

Priority Code (PRI)
Calculated based on two factors: Facility (Identifies the type of service generating the log) and the Severity Level (indicates the importance of the message)
Core 1 General

Private Cloud
Used when a company creates its own cloud environment. Chosen when security is more important to the organization. Higher cost, but reduced security risks.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Private IP addresses
Used within LANs, are not globally unique, and cannot communicate directly over the internet. Have classes A, B, and C.
2.0 Networking

Process
The server will process the data by executing queries that allow users or applications to retrieve, update, or manipulate data
Core 1 General

Processing
The 1st step in electrophotographic printing. Document is received, translated to a PDL, the printer processes the data to create a bitmap image, and the bitmap image is stored in the printer's memory
3.0 Hardware

Processor
The CPU that executes instructions and processes data.
3.0 Hardware

Professionalism
Reliable, respectful, ethical behavior while providing technical service.
Core 1 General

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Type of digital computer used in industrial settings that enables automation and assembly lines, autonomous field operations, robotics, and other applications
Core 1 General

Projector
Special type of display used in large environments to share an image across an entire room.
3.0 Hardware

Proprietary System
System that is owned by its developer or vendor.
Core 1 General

Protected Management Frames (PMF)
Enhance the protection of control messages exchanged between wireless devices to reduce the risk of eavesdropping and session hijacking
2.0 Networking

Protocol
Set of rules that allows networked hosts to communicate data in a structured format
2.0 Networking

Proxy servers
Devices that create a network connection between an end-user's client machine and a remote resource such as a web server. Either hardware or software. Increased network speed and efficiency. Increased security, lists acceptable and unacceptable site. Additional opportunities to conduct auditing. Increased speeds and efficiencies are gained through Web Caching.
2.0 Networking

Public Cloud
The most common type of cloud architecture in use today. Low cost, but higher security risks.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Public IP Addresses
Identify devices on the global Internet and can be routed outside the local area network
2.0 Networking

Pump
helps push coolant, water, or liquid around the system
Core 1 General

Punchdown tool
Used to connect the interior wires of a twisted pair cable to a punchdown block
2.0 Networking

Quad-Channel
Uses four memory modules and four memory slots (256-bit data bus)
3.0 Hardware

Quiet Mode
Reduces the fan speed and allows higher temperatures to occur.
3.0 Hardware

Radiator
starts cooling down liquid or coolant as it's coming away from the processor
3.0 Hardware

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Shares some similarities with NFC but is primarily used in tracking and authentication systems, usually consisting of tags and readers.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Rail
A wire that provides current at a particular voltage.
3.0 Hardware

RAM
Temporary working memory used by active programs and the operating system.
3.0 Hardware

RAM/System Memory
Temporary storage area/non-persistent storage
3.0 Hardware

Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM)
Type of memory module found in legacy systems
3.0 Hardware

Random Access Memory (RAM)
Used to load applications and files into a non-persistent and fast storage area. (16 GB for office station) (32-64 GB for gaming)
3.0 Hardware

Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI)
Second level address translation under AMD
Core 1 General

Read-Only Memory (ROM)
The type of chip embedded in the motherboard and can be upgraded through flashing
3.0 Hardware

Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
OS that prioritizes deterministic execution of operations that ensure consistent response for time-critical tasks.
Core 1 General

Reasons for BSOD
CRITICAL_PROCESS-DIED
Core 1 General

Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
Used to measure the signal strength based on an index level and gives a value in decibels (dB). Displayed in negative decibels.
Core 1 General

Recursive Lookup
DNS resolver takes full responsibility for finding the requested domain's IP address
2.0 Networking

Redundancy
Refers to the fact that data is replicated across multiple servers and data centers.
Core 1 General

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)
A specialized storage configuration that combines multiple physical HDDs or SDDs
3.0 Hardware

Refresh Rate
Measures how often a display updates the image per second (measured in Hz)
3.0 Hardware

Register
A very small, fast storage location inside a CPU.
3.0 Hardware

Registered Ports
Located between 1024-49,151. Registered by IANA for proprietary applications and services.
Core 1 General

Relational Databases
Use structure tables and are accessed through the Structured Query Language (SQL) and are ideal for systems like inventory management and customer records. ex.) MySQL, MicrosoftSQL, and Oracle.
Core 1 General

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
A widely used protocol for managing authentication, authorization, and accounting. Combines the authentication and authorization functions into a single process and it operates over UDP.
2.0 Networking

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Uses port 3389 and allows users to remotely control another computer through a graphical interface.
2.0 Networking

Removable Storage
Refers to any kind of storage device that can be moved from computer to computer without having to open up the case and remove it from the inside.
3.0 Hardware

Remove the cable, restrip it, repunch with a proper tool, and retest the connection end to end
Dealing with a faulty wall jack or patch panel connection
2.0 Networking

Replace the cable
Dealing with a faulty cable
2.0 Networking

Request
Occurs when the client device accepts the offered IP address by requesting to use it
2.0 Networking

Resin
A liquid plastic material used in more advanced printers
Core 1 General

Reverse Pair
Occurs when two wires in a single pair are connected to the opposite pins of that pair on the other end of the twisted pair cable
2.0 Networking

Ribbon
Made of a fabric or other material saturated with ink, and it sits in front of the printhead in an impact printer.
3.0 Hardware

Riser Card
Special type of expansion card that goes into a dedicated slot on the motherboard. Adds additional expansion cards.
3.0 Hardware

RJ-45 Connector
Connector used to terminate a Twisted Pair Cable
2.0 Networking

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
Restricts its users' access to only the data they need. Relies on firewalls, and network segmentation.
2.0 Networking

Roller
Responsible for advancing the paper through the inkjet printer
3.0 Hardware

Root cause
The underlying reason a problem occurred.
Core 1 General

Root Level
The highest level in the DNS hierarchy, and everything else falls underneath it
2.0 Networking

Routers
Used to connect different networks together
Core 1 General

Safety from electrostatic discharge (ESD)
Wear an ESD wriststrap an use an ESD mat
Core 1 General

Samba
Provides the ability for a Linux or Unix server to be able to host files or printers that can then be used by Windows client running the SMB protocol.
2.0 Networking

Sandbox
An isolated environment for analyzing pieces of malware. Can be used as a security mechanism to separate processes and programs to mitigate failures and vulnerabilities
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Sandbox Escape
Occurs when an attacker circumvents sandbox protections to gain access to the protected OS or other privileged processes
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

SATA ports
found on the bottom right for Harddrives and Solid-State Drives
3.0 Hardware

Satellite Internet Connections
Technology that uses communication satellites out in space to provide Internet access to its end users.
Core 1 General

Satellite Networks
The most long-range form of fixed wireless since they can enable connectivity over thousands of miles. Involve a ground stations that's equipped with a satellite dish that communicates with a satellite out in orbit.
2.0 Networking

Scalable Fonts
Allow texts to be resized from very small to very large
Core 1 General

Scanner
A digital imaging device that is designed to create computer files from a real life object
Core 1 General

Scope
List of valid IP addresses available for assignment within a specific subnet
2.0 Networking

Screen Resolution
The number of pixels displayed horizontally and vertically on any given screen
Core 1 General

Second Level Address Translation (SLAT)
Improves the performance of virtual memory when running multiple virtual machines on a single physical host
3.0 Hardware

Second-Level Domains
Directly below the top-level domains and are usually purchased by a company or organization using a human-readable name.
Core 1 General

Sector
A small slice of the hard drive. Allows to read and write on the hard drive by identifying the sector.
3.0 Hardware

Secure
The server will ensure that data access is properly secured through authentication mechanisms as well as encrypting the data to protect any sensitive information.
Core 1 General

Secure Boot
A UEFI feature that prevents a system from booting up with drivers or an OS that are not digitally signed and trusted by the motherboard or computer manufacturer. It will perform three different verifications during the boot-up process.
3.0 Hardware

Secure Digital (SD) card
Most popular type of memory card. Original SD cards had a max capacity of 2 GB. Now there are SDHC cards up to 32GB and SDXC cards up to 2 TB.
3.0 Hardware

Secure Shell (SSH)
Uses port 22 to provide secure, encrypted access to a remote computer
2.0 Networking

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Provides cryptography and reliability using the upper layers of the OSI model (Layers 5,6, and 7)
Core 1 General

Secured Print
A printout that's actually held on the printer and not printed out or released until the user authenticates their identity directly on that device.
3.0 Hardware

Security Tab
Used to set permissions on the printer
3.0 Hardware

Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)
Self-diagnostic program the alerts the OS if there is a failure. Monitors the hard drive and understands its health status. Identifies drive problems and potential future failures. Can monitor read error rate, spin-up time, reallocated sector count, seek error rate, power-on hours, temperature, and input/output operations per second (IOPS).
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
Specialized type of TXT record that is used to identify which mail servers are authorized to send emails on behalf of a domain
Core 1 General

Senors
IoT devices that can mesure things like temperature, sound, light, etc.
Core 1 General

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
Standard method of connecting a storage device to a motherboard. Uses a 7-pin cable for data transfer, and a 15-pin cable to provide power. Connectors have an L shape.
3.0 Hardware

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
Higher Performance SCSI that supports data transfer speeds of up to 24 Gbps, and is backward compatible with other SATA drives. Used mainly in enterprise environments for connecting storage devices to servers and workstations.
3.0 Hardware

Serial Cable (DB9 Cable)
D-shaped connector with 9 pins that is used to connect external serial devices like modems. Still used to connect to a router or switch on some laptops using a rollover coble. You can use a USB serial adapter if your laptop does not have a DB9 port.
2.0 Networking

Serial Cables
Came before USB and used DB9 or DB25 connectors
3.0 Hardware

Server Message Block and Common Internet File System (SMB and CIFS)
Operates on port 445
2.0 Networking

SFP Direct Attach Copper
Can achieve speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second and it uses a lot less energy than traditional copper cables to achieve this level of speed.
Core 1 General

Shared Resources
Refers to an arrangement where multiple customers use the same underlying physical infrastructure. Resources are isolated using virtualization technologies
Core 1 General

Sharing Tab
Users are able to control what the printers are shared with
Core 1 General

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
Cable including a metal foil or braided shield around the twisted pairs, providing additional protection against EMI. Ideal in industrial environments.
2.0 Networking

Short Pair
Occurs when conductors of a wire pair are connected to each other at any location within the twisted pair cable
2.0 Networking

Signal interference
Causing signal issues
Core 1 General

Signs malware is on your mobile device
*Antivirus or anti-malware software detects it
1.0 Mobile Devices

SIM Card
Identifies your device in a GSM network
1.0 Mobile Devices

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Uses port 25 to send email messages, has been in the use since the 1980s and remain the standard for outgoing email messages.
2.0 Networking

Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE)
Improves security by protecting against offline brute-force attacks.
Core 1 General

Single Bank Memory Module
Can put any size of module in any slot
3.0 Hardware

Single Connector Attachment (SCA)
80-pin connector that provided both power and data into a single cable for the specific types of SCSI that supported it.
2.0 Networking

Single Factor Authentication
Single knowledge factor
Core 1 General

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
Fiber mode where light goes in a straight line. Covers long distances and more expensive. 8.3 - 10µ in diameter. Typically has a yellow sheath.
2.0 Networking

Single Point of Failure
If the UTM device goes down, all the integrated security features are also going to be lost simultaneously
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Single-Channel
Uses one memory module on one bus (64-bit data bus)
3.0 Hardware

Single-Channel Memory
64-bit data bus
3.0 Hardware

Site to Site
VPN configuration where two offices can connect together
2.0 Networking

Slices
Represents each layer of the 3D printed object
Core 1 General

Slow Charge
Improves battery health, but charges slower
Core 1 General

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
A legacy parallel bus connector that allows multiple devices to be Daisy chained together.
2.0 Networking

Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)
Common in homes or small businesses, using inexpensive all-in-one devices called wireless or SOHO routers
2.0 Networking

Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SODIMM)
Smaller memory module commonly used in laptops. Inserted into motherboard at a 45 degree angle and pushed down flat against motherboard. Classified as DDR3, DDR4, DDR5.
3.0 Hardware

Smart Devices
The IoT endpoints that connect back to the central hub or control system and provide some kind of function
Core 1 General

Smoke Test
Ensure proper connections, power on, check fans, BIOS/UEFI, and basic functionality before OS installation or drive formatting.
3.0 Hardware

Snips and Cutters
Used to cut cables from spools or bundles
Core 1 General

Software
programs and operating systems that instruct hardware on what to do
3.0 Hardware

Software as a Service (SaaS)
Allows end users to access their email, documents, and spreadsheets directly within their web browser
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Way of virtualizing the network hardware
2.0 Networking

Solid State Drive/ Solid State Device (SSD)
Uses flash memory technology to implement persistent mass storage instead of using rotating and spinning platters. More expensive to produce, and usually lower storage capacity, but faster performance
3.0 Hardware

Solid-state drive
Storage using flash memory without moving mechanical parts.
3.0 Hardware

Solving Latency and Jitter
* Increase network performance
2.0 Networking

Sound/Audio Card
Gives better output through audio
Core 1 General

Speakers
Embedded in mobile devices to deliver audio playback.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Speckling on Output
Occurs whenever there are random dots or toner spots on a printout, and it usually indicates loose toner will be found inside the printer. Clean the inside of the printer with a toner-safe vacuum.
3.0 Hardware

Split Pair
Occurs if a wire from one pair is split away from the other and crosses over the wire into an adjacent pair.
Core 1 General

Split Tunnel VPN
Routes and encrypts only the traffic bound for the headquarters over the VPN, and sends the rest of the traffic to the regular Internet
2.0 Networking

Standard sizes for mass storage devices
"2.5"", 3.5"", & 5.25"""
3.0 Hardware

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
Enables devices to create link-local addresses by appending a unique identifier from their MAC address using EUI-64 to the FE80 prefix
Core 1 General

Static IP Assignment (Manual Assignment)
Involves a technician manually entering the necessary configuration details for each device.
Core 1 General

Static RAM (SRAM)
RAM chips that retain information without the need for refreshing, as long as the computer's power is on. More expensive to manufacture. Used in high-speed needs.
3.0 Hardware

Storage
Holds the most data but is slower than a cache
3.0 Hardware

Storage Area Network (SAN)
Provisions access to configurable pools of storage devices that can be used by application servers. Uses Internet SCSI (iSCSI) and Fiber Channel communications.
2.0 Networking

Storage drive
A device that retains programs and files after power is removed.
3.0 Hardware

Storage/Hard Drive Password
Password that locks access to a hard drive connected to the system and requires the end user's password
3.0 Hardware

Store
The server must store the data in a structured or unstructured format using storage technologies
3.0 Hardware

Straight-Through Cables
Same wiring standard on both ends. (T568A-T568A or T568B-T568B)
Core 1 General

Subdomains
Additional subdivisions under the second-level domain, like www or mail
Core 1 General

Subnet Mask
Specifies which part of the IPv4 address identifies the network and which part identifies the individual hosts.
2.0 Networking

Superspeed USB 20 Gbps
USB with a transfer rate of 20 Gbps
3.0 Hardware

Supervisor/Administrator/Setup Password
Used to protect access to the BIOS or UEFI configuration program and prevents access from unauthorized users
3.0 Hardware

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Type of ICS used to manage large scale multi-site devices and equipment in a geographic region from a host computer
Core 1 General

Swift (language), and Xcode (IDE)
Programming language, and IDE used by Apple
Core 1 General

Switches
Smart hubs that remember the ports that are connected to them. Messages only go to sent port. Increased security and collisions are less likely to happen.
2.0 Networking

Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
Provides equal download and upload speeds, suitable for hosting severs, uploading videos, and video conferencing
Core 1 General

Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)
Traditional workstation and servers have multiple processors. Needs two or four processors and all processors must be the same exact model.
Core 1 General

Synchronous RAM (SDRAM)
First memory module that operates at the same speed as the motherboard bus.
3.0 Hardware

Syslog
Protocol designed to allow network devices, software applications, and other systems to send event logs to a centralized server. Help administrators monitor the health of their networks, troubleshoot issues, and maintain security by providing detailed records of activity. Syslog messages are sent with a priority code, header, and message body.
2.0 Networking

System Memory
Amount of physical memory installed on a physical server.
3.0 Hardware

System-on-a-Chip
Processor integrates the platform functionality of multiple logical controllers onto a single chip
3.0 Hardware

Tag Control Identifier (TFI)
Contains the VLAN ID to associate the frame with the correct VLAN
2.0 Networking

Tag Protocol Identifier (TPI)
Used to identify the frame as tagged for VLAN use
2.0 Networking

Tape drives
Form of external storage which uses a magnetic tape and it place into the reader. Found often in corporate environments.
3.0 Hardware

TCP/IP Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Ensures that data goes to the right device on a network. Constructed using a four-layer model.
2.0 Networking

Telnet
Operates on port 23 and allows remote access to a computer using a text-based interface, similar to how SSH does
2.0 Networking

Temporary Storage
The storing of data in cache memory inside of CPU or RAM. Also referred to as non-persistent storage.
3.0 Hardware

Terabyte
A digital storage unit larger than a gigabyte.
3.0 Hardware

Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus (TACACS+)
Uses separate authentication, authorization, and accounting processes to allow for greater flexibility. User for managing devices like routers and switches. Used over TCP to offer more reliable communications.
2.0 Networking

Terminal Services (Server-Based Application)
Server-based virtualization solution that runs the application on servers in a centralized location and the users access that application through a remote client protocol.
2.0 Networking

Tethering
Allows smartphones to share their internet connection with other devices such as laptops or tablets. This can be achieved through a mobile phone hotspot, Bluetooth, or a USB connection.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Text Records (TXT Records)
Originally created to store free-form text in DNS entries and they were often used for human-readable notes or comments
2.0 Networking

Thermal
Heats the ink to form a bubble that bursts and sprays the ink. Cartridges tend to need more frequent replacement.
3.0 Hardware

Thermal Load
Heat from different components inside the computer
3.0 Hardware

Thermal Paste
Form of passive cooling as a compound that ensures heat transfer by eliminating air gaps
3.0 Hardware

Thermal Printers
Uses heat to create images or text on paper rather than spraying ink or putting toner on the page. Mostly used for receipts, barcodes, and QR codes.
3.0 Hardware

Thermal Printing process
- Load paper roll
3.0 Hardware

Thermal Ribbons
Used by specialized thermal printers to create very high-quality images, including photographs
3.0 Hardware

Third-party print monitors
Can be useful for providing desktop notifications when a print job is sent and for monitoring things like toner or ink levels
Core 1 General

Thread
A sequence of instructions scheduled for processing.
Core 1 General

Threading
Single stream of instructions sent by software application to a processor
3.0 Hardware

Throughput
The actual amount of data successfully transmitted under real-world conditions.
Core 1 General

Thunderbolt
Can be used for display as well as data transfer. Popular in Apple products but can be found in Windows and Linux.
3.0 Hardware

Thunderbolt 1 and 2
MiniDP connector and port with a thunder logo. Compatible with MiniDP.
2.0 Networking

Thunderbolt 3 and 4
Same connector and port as USB-C but with a thunder symbol.
2.0 Networking

TN Panels (Twisted Nematic)
Work by twisting liquid crystals and offer fast response times. Suffer form poor color accuracy and limited viewing angles.
Core 1 General

Toner
A fine mixture of plastic particles, carbon, and color pigments. Used in a laser printer. Cartridges last for around 2,500 pages.
3.0 Hardware

"Toner / Probe (Tone Generator / ""Fox and Hound"")"
Helps technicians trace cables through walls or ceilings. Helps identify correct cables.
Core 1 General

Toner not Fusing Properly
The printout may smudge or smear when touched because the toner isn't heated enough to bond with the paper. Verify the fuser's voltage and heat output. Fuser can be replaced if faulty.
3.0 Hardware

Top-Level Domains
Include common domains like .com, .net, .org, and all the country-specific domains like .uk or .fr
Core 1 General

Trackpad (Touchpad)
A flat, touch-sensitive surface used to control the cursor on a screen.
Core 1 General

Trackpoint
A small joystick-like nub located between G and H that allows you to move the cursor with the tip of your finger
Core 1 General

Tractor-fed paper
Continuous roll or stack of paper that is pulled through the printer by the tractor-feed mechanism.
3.0 Hardware

Transfer Belt
combine the 4 colors before printing on a laser printer
3.0 Hardware

Transfer Belt/Roller
Applies a positive charge to the paper that pulls the negatively charged toner particles from the imaging drum onto the paper
Core 1 General

Transfer Roller
Applies a positive charge to attract toner from the photo conductor
Core 1 General

Transferring
5th step in electrophotographic printing. The transfer roller applies a positive charge to the paper, which attracts the negatively charge toner particles from the drum onto the paper.
Core 1 General

Transformer
Reduces the voltage through filters and regulators to provide a Direct Current
3.0 Hardware

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Provides a guaranteed connection-oriented method for sending packets but is slower than UDP.
2.0 Networking

Transport Layer
Third layer in the TCP/IP Model showing how to send the packets. Either through TCP or UDP.
2.0 Networking

Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Provides secure web browsing over HTTPS
Core 1 General

Triple-Channel
Uses three memory modules and three memory slots (192-bit data bus)
3.0 Hardware

Troubleshooting Low Signal Strength
*Increase the power of transmission
Core 1 General

Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
A specification for hardware-based storage of digital certificates, keys, hashed passwords, and other user and platform identification information. The microprocessor is hard-coded with a unique and unchangeable key or the Endorsement Key.
3.0 Hardware

TV Capture Card
Plugs into a computer to access cable TV channels
2.0 Networking

TwinAxial Cable
Similar to coaxial cable but uses two inner conductors to carry the data instead of just one. Used for extremely short-distances and have high-speed connection between two devices
2.0 Networking

Twisted Pair Cables
Most common cabling technology used in local area networks. Provides EMI protection and faster data speeds. Ranges from categories CAT 5 to CAT 8.
Core 1 General

Two Boot Sector Formats
Master Boot Record (MBR) and GUID Partition Table (GPT)
Core 1 General

Type 1 Hypervisor
Bare Bones or Bare Metal Hypervisor. Runs as the operating system itself.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Type 2 Hypervisor
Software Hypervisor. Runs from a normal operating system.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Unable to install new applications
Installation issues often stem from insufficient storage, incompatible software, or security restrictions
3.0 Hardware

Unicast Address
IPv6 address that identifies a single device and can be globally routed or link-local
Core 1 General

Unidirectional Printing
The printhead applies ink only when moving in one direction, usually moving from left to right across the paper
Core 1 General

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
A type of system firmware providing support for 64-bit CPU operation at boot, full GUI and mouse operation at boot, and better boot security.
3.0 Hardware

Unified Threat Management (UTM)
Provides a comprehensive approach to securing networks by integrating multiple security functions into a single appliance
Core 1 General

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Combines the fully qualified domain name with a protocol at the beginning
2.0 Networking

Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART)
Device that allows to connect to a device and get information from it
Core 1 General

Unmanaged Switch
Switch that performs its functions without requiring a configuration
2.0 Networking

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable
The most used cable due to low cost and flexibility. Consists of four twisted pair wires encased in a plastic sheath
2.0 Networking

Up-Plugging
plugging smaller card in a larger slot.
Core 1 General

USB 1.0 (Low Speed)
USB with a transfer rate of 1.5 Mbps
3.0 Hardware

USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0
USB that provides 0.5 amps of power
3.0 Hardware

USB 1.1 (Full Speed)
USB with a transfer rate of 12 Mbps
3.0 Hardware

USB 2.0 (Hi-Speed)
USB with a transfer rate of 480 Mbps
3.0 Hardware

USB 2.0 Micro B
Used in older android devices for data and charging
3.0 Hardware

USB 2.0 Mini B
Connector found in older devices
2.0 Networking

USB 3.0 and 4.0
USB that provides 0.9 amps of power
3.0 Hardware

USB 3.1 GEN 1 (Superspeed USB)
USB with a transfer rate of 5 Gbps
3.0 Hardware

USB 3.1 GEN 2 (Super Speed USB 10 Gbps)
USB with a transfer rate of 10 Gbps
3.0 Hardware

USB Connection
The most common type of printer connectivity used within a home environment
3.0 Hardware

USB header port
Found underneath mainboard power connector and is used for our front panel or back panel USB connectors. Can also be found on lower edge.
2.0 Networking

USB Type A
Used with old USB 1.0, 1.1, and, 2.0 standards, and it's still supported with USB 3 and above
3.0 Hardware

USB Type B 3.0 connector
Doesn't have an equivalent type B mini connector like USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0, but instead uses a type B micro connector
2.0 Networking

USB Type B Connector
Smaller USB connector. 2.0 is common in printers and 3.0 is common in cameras.
2.0 Networking

USB Type B Micro Connector
Common on speakers, smartwatches, smart glasses, and other wearables
2.0 Networking

USB Type B Mini Connector
Common on earlier tablets and smartphones
2.0 Networking

USB Type C connector
Has 24 pins, 12 on each row. Used with USB 3 and 4. Can be used in either direction. Commonly found in newer phones, tablets, and laptops. Smaller form factor, higher speeds.
2.0 Networking

User Authentication
Setting permissions to each printer and requiring users to log in with a username and password or other authentication mechanism to prove access rights to use that printer.
3.0 Hardware

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless with lower overhead, operating faster than TCP but without guaranteed delivery.
2.0 Networking

User/System Password
Used to lock access to the computer
Core 1 General

VA Panels (Vertical Alignment)
Offer the best contrast ratios by tilting the liquid crystals to block or allow light to go through. Slower response times than TN Panels and Narrower Viewing angles than IPS Panels.
Core 1 General

vCard
Standard format and is widely supported by most address books and software applications for contact synchronization.
Core 1 General

VDI Centralized Model
VDI that Hosts all the desktop instances on a single server or server farm
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

VDI Hosted Model
VDI where the desktops are maintained by a service provider and provided to the end user as a service
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

VDI Remote Virtual Desktop Model
VDI which involves copying the desktop image to a local machine prior to being used by an end user.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Vector Graphics
Can be resized without losing any kind of clarity
Core 1 General

Verification
Confirming that a repair solved the problem and the system works correctly.
5.0 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Vertical or Horizontal Lines
Typically caused by dirty feed rollers or a damaged photosensitive drum
Core 1 General

Very High Bit-Rate DSL (VDSL)
Offers significantly higher speeds of up to 50 Mbps for downloads and over 10 Mbps for uploads. User must be within 4,000 feet from the DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to achieve these speeds.
Core 1 General

VGA and DVI-A
With these analog cables they will deteriorate overtime affecting the display.
3.0 Hardware

Video Capture Card
Takes video signals and processes them inside the computer, used for recording footage and for security devices.
Core 1 General

Video Card (Graphic Adapter)
Gives quality signal for monitors
Core 1 General

Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Older display technology using a 15-pin standard analog video interface port.
2.0 Networking

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
Hosts desktop OSs within a virtualized environment hosted by a centralized server or server farm
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
Critical concept in modern networking that allows for the logical separation of devices within the same physical network. Create multiple logical networks on the same hardware, providing flexibility, security, and efficiency. Switch ports are grouped into separate broadcast domains as if on different physical switches.
2.0 Networking

Virtual Memory/Page File
A block of space on a hard drive that is allocated by the OS and pretends to be RAM (Page File - Windows) (Swap Space - Linux/Unix/Mac)
3.0 Hardware

Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Extends a private network across a public network and enables sending and receiving data across shared or public networks
2.0 Networking

Virtualization
The ability to have a computer pretend that it's running multiple other computers inside itself
Core 1 General

VLAN Trunking
Combines the traffic from multiple VLANs so that it can be transmitted over a single physical connection. Used to prevent separate VLANs on a switch from intertwining with one another. Relies on 802.1Q protocol for VLAN identification
2.0 Networking

VM Escape
An attack where a threat actor escapes an isolated virtual machine to send commands to the hypervisor. Easier to perform on a Type 2 Hypervisor than a Type 1 hypervisor and the attacker has to interface with the underlying physical resources.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

VM Hopping
Type of attack where the threat actor attempts to move from one virtual machine to another on the same host
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

VM Live Migration
Allows the ability to migrate from one host to another while the system is still running. There is a risk of this data being exposed to prying eyes or have its integrity compromised by an attacker using an on path attack.
Core 1 General

VM Sprawl
Uncontrolled deployment of virtual machines.
4.0 Virtualization and Cloud

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Set of protocols that are used to send streaming voice and video in real time
2.0 Networking

Volatile memory
Memory that loses its contents when power is removed.
3.0 Hardware

Voltage Sensing / Dual Voltage Power Supplies
Automatically detects the outlet voltage and converts it into the proper DC voltage levels needed by a computer
3.0 Hardware

VT-x
Intel's Virtualization SUpport
Core 1 General

water block/water bracket
Attaches to each device to help remove heat by using convection and putting the liquid against that different device
Core 1 General

Water looper tubing
allows water and liquid to move around the system
Core 1 General

Wattage Rating
Power supply's output capacity or capability. (Standard PC 200-300 watts) (Gaming PC 500-900 watts)
3.0 Hardware

Wearables
IoT accessories that can be worn
Core 1 General

Web applications
Use databases to manage user accounts, product information, and transaction records
Core 1 General

Web caching
Whenever a user requests a website through a proxy, it retains a local copy in its cache. This doesn't work well with modern 2.0 websites (Facebook, X, etc.)
Core 1 General

Web Servers
Any server that provides access to a website done either through HTTP (port 80) or HTTPS (port 443)
2.0 Networking

Webcams
Designed for video streaming and conferencing
Core 1 General

Well-known ports
Ports 0 to 1023. Registered by IANA and contain basic protocols.
Core 1 General

White stripes
Common defect in laser printers, usually linked to a dirty drum, where dirt or debris prevents toner from adhering to specific areas. Can also be caused by poorly distributed toner in the cartridge. Running a cleaning cycle on the printer should resolve the problem.
3.0 Hardware

Wi-Fi (Wireless Network)
Comes in different types of Wi-Fi, including wireless a, b, g, n, ac, and ax
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi 6
Support both the 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz frequency bands
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi 6E
Support 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi Analyzer (Wireless Analyzer)
A software tool that helps optimize Wi-Fi coverage and performance. Identifies network SSIDs, their signal strength, and their channel utilization, by allowing technicians to minimize interference and overlap
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi Direct Mode
The printer acts as its own access point, broadcasts an SSID, and can be connected directly to the laptop to print wirelessly
1.0 Mobile Devices

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
Implemented the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol or TKIP to increase the initialization vector's length from 24-bits to 48 bits, to effectively double its strength. Implemented a new encryption algorithm called Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). Message Integrity Check (MIC) ensured data integrity and prevented data tampering during data transmission. Very weak according to modern standards.
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
Replaced the older RC4 encryption algorithim with the AES algorithm that uses either a 128-bit key, or optionally, a 256-bit key for even greater security. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) ensures integrity by employing the counter mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message authentication code protocol known as CCMP. Also used personal mode (using a pre-shared key) and enterprise mode (using individual authentication credentials)
2.0 Networking

Wi-FI Protected Access 3 (WPA3)
Addresses modern security challenges and offers more enhanced protections. Introduces the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, or SAE, as a replacement for the pre-shared key handshake. Added forward secrecy and protected management frames. Offers an even higher level of encryption by using 192-bit cryptographic keys. Additional features include MAC address filtering and disabling the SSID broadcast.
2.0 Networking

Wi-Fi/802.11
Commonly used for creating point-to-point connections. Most common fixed wireless network.
2.0 Networking

Wide Area Network (WAN)
Connects geographically disparate internal networks and consists of leased lines or VPNs. Connects millions of networks using an interconnected series of leased lines, VPNs, and other forms of connectivity. Can be public or private.
2.0 Networking

Wide SCSI
SCSI that supports up to 15 devices
Core 1 General

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
Used by the UMTS standard and could reach data speeds of up to 2 Mbps.
Core 1 General

Wire Mapping
Diagnosing issues such as open pairs, shorts, reverse pairs, cross pairs, and split pairs in twisted pair cables
Core 1 General

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Introduced alongside the original 802.11 wireless standard in the 1990s to provide security thought to be comparable to wired networks. Uses a static 40-bit or 128-bit pre-shared key to protect its data. Uses a 24-bit initialization vector (IV), making it highly vulnerable to attack.
2.0 Networking

Wired Ethernet Connection
Uses network cables to plug into an RJ45 port on the back of the printer.
2.0 Networking

Wireless Channel
Virtual pipes for data transmission, each channel is defined by its width and placement within a given frequency band
2.0 Networking

Wireless Connectivity
Generally comes in Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to connect to the printer
2.0 Networking

Wireless Frequencies
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz
2.0 Networking

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A wireless distribution method for two or more devices that creates a local area network using wireless frequencies
2.0 Networking

Wireless Networking
Operates across various frequency bands and uses specific transmission methods to optimize its performance
2.0 Networking

WISP Connection
Wireless internet service provide connection. Typically use Microwaves for internet service.
2.0 Networking

Word
The amount of data a CPU processes as a unit.
3.0 Hardware

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
Governed by IEEE 802.16, was marketed as a high-speed alternative to DSL and early 2G and 3G cellular internet.
1.0 Mobile Devices

Write many or erasable (RW/RAM/RE)
allows to write and erase the file to create a new one
3.0 Hardware

Write-once (R)
Writing that cannot be erased (CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R)
Core 1 General

x64 CPU Architecture
Supports a 64-bit instruction set. Can only support 4 GB of RAM maximum.
3.0 Hardware

x86 (IA-32) CPU Architecture
Developed by Intel with an 8-bit, 16-bit, and up to 32-bit instruction set
3.0 Hardware

XML Paper Specification (XPS)
Microsoft's page description language (PDL)
Core 1 General

Y Connector
One connector that can support multiple devices. Can convert one type of connector to another. Can turn one connector into two.
2.0 Networking

Zero Configuration (ZeroConfig)
Windows feature where a private IP address is selected from the range between 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
2.0 Networking

Zero Insertion Force (ZIF)
Allows user to install the CPU without applying pressure. Prevents user from bending or breaking the pins.
3.0 Hardware